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The UES is the ultimate barrier protecting the airway. It is composed of the cricopharyngeus muscle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors. Under normal conditions, the UES tightens in response to intra-esophageal pressure or acid exposure (the esophago-UES contractile reflex). In LPR, this reflex is either blunted or overwhelmed, allowing aerosolized or liquid gastric contents to breach the throat. 3. The Composition of Refluxate and Cellular Damage Lpr Physiology Book Pdf
LPR Physiology Book PDF: A Comprehensive Guide to Fundamentals of Medical Physiology It is designed specifically to help students excel
: GERD is confined to the esophagus. LPR crosses the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) into the larynx, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi. Under normal conditions, the UES tightens in response
Even brief, infrequent exposure to a pH below 4.0 can cause immediate cellular damage, mucosal inflammation, and ciliary dysfunction in the upper airway. The Role of Pepsin and Bile
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