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A house-trained dog or cat that begins urinating indoors may not be acting out. They often suffer from urinary tract infections (UTIs), bladder stones, diabetes, or age-related cognitive decline.

Animals cannot verbally communicate discomfort. Sudden irritability or biting is frequently the first sign of dental disease, arthritis, or internal injury. 2. Neurological Factors Zooskool

Several foundational texts are used by students and practitioners to bridge the gap between behavioral biology and clinical practice: A house-trained dog or cat that begins urinating