Problem: A GRB shows variability on timescale t_var = 0.1 s and emits photons at observed energy E_obs = 1 MeV. Using the compactness argument, estimate a lower bound on the bulk Lorentz factor Γ assuming the emission region size R ≲ c t_var Γ^2 and require that the source be optically thin to photon–photon pair production. (Treat numerically to order-of-magnitude.)
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Exploring the magnetic effects of current, Biot-Savart Law, Ampere’s Law, Faraday’s Laws, Lenz's Law, and Alternating Current (AC) circuits. Problem: A GRB shows variability on timescale t_var = 0
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