Predicting future prices and volatility is highly sought after in quantitative finance. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models and Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models are widely used for this purpose.

library(quantmod) # Fetch historical data for Apple Inc. getSymbols("AAPL", src = "yahoo", from = "2023-01-01", to = "2026-01-01") # View the first few rows head(AAPL) Use code with caution. 2. Return Calculation and Exploration

: For derivative pricing, the ragtop package provides algorithms to price equity options, convertible bonds, and other financial derivatives using extensions of the Black-Scholes model.

Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) allows analysts to find the efficient frontier—the optimal mix of assets maximizing return for a given level of risk.