The Leader periodically sends a small message (a Heartbeat) to all Followers. If a Follower does not receive a Heartbeat within a specific timeout window, it assumes the Leader is dead and triggers a new election. High-Water Mark
: Ensures that a single TCP connection is used between two nodes to maintain the order of sent requests. patterns of distributed systems unmesh joshi pdf
Since real physical hardware clocks drift due to environmental conditions, software systems cannot fully trust machine timestamps to order network activities. The Leader periodically sends a small message (a
Allows read requests to be handled by follower nodes to reduce load on the leader. Since real physical hardware clocks drift due to
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These consensus protocols use a multi-phase voting system requiring a strict majority (quorum) to make cluster-wide decisions or elect leaders.
: Dynamic range splits where records are sorted and assigned to nodes based on specific ordered boundaries (e.g., A-M to Node 1, N-Z to Node 2).